Keywords: Spiderman Antman Comics Phobia Arachnophobia Movies Exposure Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBTĭelft University of Technology has implemented an experimental virtual reality system for treating fear of flying. Incorporating exposure to short scenes from superheroes movies within a therapeutic protocol for such phobias may have the potential to be robustly efficacious and enhance cooperation and motivation. Seven second exposure to insect-specific stimuli within a positive context, reduces the level of phobic symptoms. Reduction in phobic symptoms was significant in the Spiderman and Antman groups in comparison to the control groups. The measures comprised an online survey assessing socio-demographic variables, familiarity with superheroes movies, comics and phobic symptoms. Two intervention groups (Spiderman/Antman) and two control groups (Marvel opening/natural scene) were measured twice (pre-post intervention). A convenience sample of 424 participants divided into four groups watched different clips. However, to date, no conducted studies have examined the effects of phobic stimuli exposure (spiders/ants) within the positive context of superheroes movies, such as "Spiderman" or "Antman". All rights reserved.įear of insects, mainly spiders, is considered one of the most common insect phobias. The current work develops a useful intervention for improving multiple responses toward gay men and lesbians. Moreover, we found that the reduction of these misidentification concerns led to fewer general contagion concerns, and increased eagerness to befriend led to decreased sexual prejudice.
We found that imagined contact with famous gay men/lesbians reduced misidentification concerns within the imagined interaction and engendered an eagerness to befriend the famous gay/lesbian interaction partner. In the current work, we explored a novel addition to the imagined contact paradigm-imagined contact with famous outgroup members-for reducing misidentification concerns. Thus, reducing misidentification concerns is a critical part of decreasing negativity toward gay/lesbian individuals. Traditionally, researchers have focused on reducing sexual prejudice however, research indicates that heterosexuals’ concerns about being misidentified as gay/lesbian also contribute to the derogation of gay/lesbian individuals. Gay men and lesbians experience bigotry at alarmingly high rates.
Aviophobia is also characterized by negative cognitions when thinking about the flying experience, unproductive coping strategies such as self-blame, rumination, or catastrophizing, and significant anticipatory anxiety observed, for example, when planning trips and vacations, buying plane tickets, going to the airport, or waiting in the boarding area. Some people suffering from aviophobia do actually fly, but with extreme discomfort or by using drugs like benzodiazepines or alcohol to deal with their anxiety. People suffering from the specific phobia of flying are afraid of events directly related to the flying experience (crashing, losing control of themselves, not having control over the situation, having a panic attack in planes, turbulence, etc.), whereas those with panic disorder with agoraphobia suffer from a more general fear of having an uncued and unexpected panic attack, those with claustrophobia are more afraid of suffocating or being confined to an enclosed space, and people with post-traumatic stress disorder have a more complex pattern of fears following exposure to a traumatic event (such as a plane crash) characterized by re-experiencing the traumatic event (flashbacks, distressing dreams, etc.), persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and hyperarousal. People presenting for treatment for the pathological fear of flying may have either a well-defined specific phobia or their fear of flying may be part of another anxiety disorder such as panic disorder with agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, or claustrophobia. The term fear of flying was actually coined during World War II and referred to the mixture of fear and anxiety seen in aviators involved in combat.
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The pathological fear of flying, also called aviophobia, falls under the subtype of specific situational phobias in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) or under specific (isolated) phobia in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10.
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